Профессиональный английский язык для экономистов. Английский язык для экономистов. Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И
По данным организации Oxfam, 82% мирового богатства сосредоточено в руках 1% населения Земли. Даже если вы не входите в круг этих счастливчиков, вы точно имеете дело с деньгами каждый день. Поэтому надеемся, что наша шпаргалка по английскому для экономистов будет вам полезна.
Если вы работаете в финансовом секторе, рекомендуем изучить наш краткий экономический словарь по банковскому делу, финансам и бухучету, налогообложению и аудиту. Для представителей других профессий может быть интересен раздел про инвестиции, криптовалюту и профессиональные жаргонизмы экономистов.
Рекомендуем изучить наши тщательно отобранные ресурсы даже тем из вас, кто не занят в финансовом секторе. Они помогут вести учет персональных финансов, изучить мир брокеров по фильмам и всегда держать руку на пульсе, не дожидаясь перевода новостей о современной экономической ситуации на русский.
Краткий словарь экономических терминов
Давайте рассмотрим базовую терминологию английского для экономистов. В начале нашего финансово-экономический словаря представлены общие термины из экономической теории, которую многие из нас начали изучать еще в школе. Далее - узкоспециализированные отраслевые понятия для работников банков, бухгалтерий и аудиторских компаний. На закуску - краткий крипто-словарь на злобу дня и профессиональный сленг.
Базовая терминология
Начнем с азбуки экономической теории: изучим самые необходимые термины.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| a seller | продавец |
| a buyer | покупатель |
| profit and loss | прибыль и убытки |
| a margin | маржа |
costs:
| издержки, затраты:
|
| a market | рынок |
| competition | конкуренция |
| efficiency | эффективность |
| an exchange | обмен |
| trade | торговля |
| an advantage | преимущество, выгода |
| a disadvantage | недостаток, ущерб |
| purchasing power | покупательская способность |
| demand | спрос |
| supply | предложение |
| a demand curve | кривая спроса |
| a supply curve | кривая предложения |
| an incentive | побуждающий мотив |
| a production possibilities curve (PPC) | кривая производственных возможностей |
| tax | налог |
| duty | пошлина |
| duty free | беспошлинный |
| a subsidy | субсидия |
| an absolute price | абсолютная цена |
| a relative price | относительная цена |
| a price floor | минимальная цена |
| the equilibrium price | равновесная цена |
| a price level | уровень цен |
| a consumer price index | индекс потребительских цен |
| a minimum wage | минимальный размер оплаты труда |
| surplus | излишек, избыток |
| shortage | нехватка, дефицит |
| a government budget | государственный бюджет |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП) |
| gross national product (GNP) | валовой национальный продукт (ВНП) |
| foreign national debt | государственный внешний долг |
| The World Trade Organization (WTO) | Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО) |
| gold and currency reserves | золотовалютные резервы |
| inflation | инфляция |
| devaluation | девальвация |
| a commodity bundle / a market basket | потребительская корзина |
| unemployment | безработица |
| the poverty line | черта бедности |
| financial crisis | финансовый кризис |
Профессии в сфере экономики и финансов
Теперь давайте рассмотрим наиболее распространенные профессии в экономическом секторе.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| an economist | экономист |
| an accountant | бухгалтер |
| a business analyst | бизнес-аналитик |
| a financial advisor | финансовый консультант |
| an investment counselor (adviser) | инвестиционный консультант |
| a comptroller | финансовый контролер |
| a tax officer / a tax inspector | налоговый инспектор |
| a broker | брокер |
| a certified public accountant (Am.E.), a chartered accountant (Br.E.) | аудитор |
| an actuary | актуарий (специалист по страховым расчетам) |
| a treasurer | казначей |
| a bank clerk | банковский служащий |
| a chief financial officer (CFO) | финансовый директор |
Банковское дело (banking)
Рассмотрим ключевые термины для работы в банке.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| a stock market | рынок ценных бумаг, фондовый рынок |
| an interest | процент |
| an interest rate | процентная ставка |
| capitalization | капитализация |
| the capitalization rate | процентная ставка, используемая при капитализации дохода |
| a refinancing rate | ставка рефинансирования |
| an encashment | инкассация |
| the International Monetary Fund | Международный валютный фонд |
| a credit rating | рейтинг кредитоспособности |
| creditworthiness | кредитоспособность |
| a credit history | кредитная история |
| a mortgage loan | ипотечное кредитование |
| a payment guarantor | поручитель по платежам |
| a fine (a penalty) | пеня, штраф |
| a general lien | право на арест имущества должника |
| forgery | подделка (банкнот, купюр) |
| a default | дефолт |
Финансы и бухгалтерский учет (finance and accounting)
Учитывать доходы и расходы, сводить дебет с кредитом на английском языке поможет подборка слов для бухгалтеров.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| bookkeeping | бухгалтерия |
| financial planning | финансовое планирование |
| accounting analysis, financial analysis | финансовый анализ |
| accounting/accountancy | бухгалтерский учет |
| financial statements (a financial report) | финансовая отчетность (финансовый отчет) |
| an accounting period | отчетный период |
| an annual report | годовой отчет |
| a balance sheet | балансовый отчет |
| a cash flow statement | отчет о движении наличных денежных средств |
| a fiscal year | финансовый год |
| account reconciliation | сверка бухгалтерских счетов |
| assets | активы |
| liabilities | пассивы |
| financial risk management | управление финансовыми рисками |
types of accounting ratios:
| виды бухгалтерских коэффициентов:
|
record keeping:
| бухгалтерская документация:
|
Налогообложение и аудит (taxation and auditing)
Перейдем к лексике для специалистов налоговой сферы.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| a tax declaration | налоговая декларация |
| a tax payer | налогоплательщик |
| a fiscal period | налоговый период |
| a tax base | объект налогообложения |
| a tax holiday | налоговая льгота |
| a tax rate | налоговая ставка |
| direct taxes | прямые налоги |
| indirect taxes | косвенные налоги |
| an income tax |
|
| value added tax (VAT) | налог на добавленную стоимость (НДС) |
| a tax counsel | советник по вопросам налогообложения |
| an audit team | ревизионная группа |
| audit accounts | отчетность, прошедшая аудиторскую проверку |
| a tax haven | «налоговый рай», оффшорная зона, территория с льготным режимом налогообложения |
| to levy | облагать налогом |
Бизнес и инвестиции (business and investment)
Представляем бизнес-словарь из сферы торговли и инвестиций.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| stocks and shares | акции и облигации |
| a shareholder | акционер |
| a stock exchange | фондовая биржа |
| a venture fund | венчурный фонд |
| an investment portfolio | инвестиционный портфель |
| flotation | акционирование |
| a nominal value | номинальная стоимость |
| a share price slump | обвал курсов акций |
| a bull market | «рынок быков», рынок с тенденцией на повышение |
| a bear market | «рынок медведей», рынок с тенденцией на понижение |
| an advisory company | консалтинговая компания |
| a boom and a bust | подъем и спад (в развитии компании) |
| illegal business | нелегальный бизнес |
| shadow economy | теневая экономика |
| to accumulate capital | приумножать капитал |
| to tie up a block of shares | вкладывать деньги в пакет акций |
| to turn bankrupt | обанкротиться |
Криптоиндустрия (crypto industry)
Вот мы и добрались до актуальнейшей темы - криптоиндустрии. Так как многие понятия заимствованы из английского, мы решили привести не только перевод, но и краткое толкование.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| a cryptocurrency | криптовалюта (цифровая валюта, которая создана и контролируется криптографическими методами) |
| fiat currency, fiat money | фиатные деньги (валюта, которую правительство устанавливает в качестве законного платежного средства) |
| a blockchain | блокчейн (цифровой реестр, в котором хранится информация обо всех транзакциях, сделках и заключенных контрактах) |
| a smart сontract | умный контракт, смарт-контракт (компьютерный алгоритм для заключения и поддержания коммерческих контрактов в системе блокчейн) |
| a token | токен (цифровая акция компании) |
| a token holder | держатель токена |
| mining | майнинг (процесс добычи токенов) |
| сloud mining | облачный майнинг (добыча токенов в облачном сервисе) |
| an initial coin offering (ICO) | первичное размещение токенов на бирже |
| сrypto-bounty | крипто-баунти (оказание услуг в обмен на бесплатные токены) |
Профессиональные жаргонизмы
Некоторые понятия из профессионального сленга англоязычных экономистов нам чужды. Поэтому мы решили объяснить их подробнее - так будет легче запомнить.
| Слово/Словосочетание | Перевод |
|---|---|
| a kickback | взятка, «откат» |
| a skint | человек без гроша в кармане |
| turnover | текучесть кадров |
| a bankster (banker + gangster) | коррумпированный банкир |
| nom-nomics | «ном-номика» - сокращенный и более аппетитный вариант названия экономики:-) |
| a hard sell | жесткая продажа - агрессивная стратегия маркетинга товара |
| leverage | финансовый леверидж (финансовый рычаг, финансовое плечо) |
| a chainsaw consultant | эксперт со стороны, привлеченный для сокращения численности сотрудников, при этом «оставляя руки руководства чистыми» |
Полезные ресурсы
Перейдем к полезным ресурсам, которые сделают вашу работу еще продуктивнее.
Учебные пособия :
- Economics by R. Arnold - пособие от университета штата Калифорния. Главное удобство - термины выделены голубым шрифтом и вынесены в колонку слева. Так запоминать слова намного проще. В рубрике Economics 24/7 вы найдете статьи по занимательной экономике, подкрепленные жизненными и историческими примерами. В конце каждой главы есть разделы Chapter summary и Key terms and concepts с краткой выжимкой информации и основными определениями.
- The Economics Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained by DK - книга рассказывает о развитии экономической мысли, начиная аж с Аристотеля. Ключевая фишка - материал подан в виде красочной инфографики, что упрощает понимание сложных экономических терминов. Среди авторов и консультантов пособия замечены сотрудник Всемирного банка, участник предвыборной кампании Обамы, а также советник при казначействе Великобритании.
- Macmillan Guide to Economics by L. Raitskaya and S. Cochrane - учебное пособие от издательства Macmillan, составленное на английском языке в соавторстве с русскоязычным преподавателем МГИМО Лилией Раицкой. В учебнике предусмотрены специальные разделы для развития разных языковых навыков, в том числе и аудирования.
- Professional English in Use Finance by I. MacKenzie - учебник популярной серии о профессиональном английском от издательства Кембриджского университета.
- English for the Financial Sector by I. MacKenzie - здесь собраны не только базовые термины из финансового сектора, также есть упражнения на развитие языковых навыков.
- Oxford English for Careers: Finance by R.Clark and D. Baker - оксфордское пособие с разделами про личные финансы, банковское дело, внутренние финансы компании, бухгалтерское дело и аудит, страхование и риски и т. д.
Словари :
- Financial Dictionary by Farlex - 8000 экономических терминов, собранные для вас финансовым экспертом Харви Кэмпбеллом и профессором университета Дьюка Полом Стичем.
- A Dictionary of Finance and Banking - учебное пособие и по совместительству словарь от издательства Oxford Press.
- The Forbes Financial Glossary - глоссарий от всемирно известного экономического журнала.
Инструменты для работы :
- Financial Management - множество шаблонов для разного рода финансовых документов в Excel и Word.
- Top Excel Templates for Accounting - шаблоны разных видов документов для бухгалтеров в Excel-файлах.
- AuditNet - шаблоны для аудиторов.
Онлайн-журналы :
- Forbes - знаменитый финансовый журнал, без которого этот материал не сложился бы. У Forbes есть статьи, среди которых наиболее популярны списки Forbes Lists , электронные книги , подкасты и видео - интервью с предпринимателями и материалы о богатейших людях планеты.
- The Economist - британский экономический журнал с массой разделов под любые ваши потребности: видео , подкасты , приложение для iOS и , рассылка , инфографика World in Figures , материалы об альтернативной истории в целом и экономической мысли в частности The World If , а также потрясающе удобно поданная визуальная информация The Economist Films .
- McKinsey Quarterly - одно из самых авторитетных бизнес-изданий в англоязычном мире. И это неудивительно: статьи выходят с 1964 года, и McKinsey Quarterly до сих пор держит марку. Подпишитесь на рассылку, скачайте приложение для iOS или Android и получайте полезные материалы.
- Bloomberg Businessweek - деловой журнал от издательства Bloomberg. У журнала есть впечатляющее разнообразие , и .
5-е изд, доп. и перераб. - Ростов н/ Д.: 2005 - 413с. Серия "Высшее образование".
Учебное пособие соответствует государственному образовательному стандарту и требованиям программы по английскому языку для неязыковых вузов. Оно рассчитано на 4-6 семестров работы. Может также частично использоваться в средних специальных учебных заведениях (содержит повторительный курс грамматики). В пособии рассматриваются основные экономические системы, макро- и микроэкономические теории, действие экономических законов в реальной жизни. Для студентов высших учебных заведений с экономической направленностью, подготовительных курсов и факультетов, а также для самостоятельного обучения.
Формат: pdf
Размер: 7,4 Мб
Смотреть, скачать:
drive.google
Формат: doc
Размер: 2,8 Мб
Смотреть, скачать:
drive.google
Содержание
От
авторов.................................................. 3
PART 1. ФОНЕТИКА.................................................... 5
Особенности английского произношения..................... 5
Звуки английского языка............................................. 5
Правила чтения............................................................ 8
Звуки [i], .................................................... 10
Звуки [е], [ж]................................................... 12
Звуки [а:], [еэ], ........................................... 13
Звуки [и:], [и]................................................... 15
Звуки [о:], [о], [ои]............................................ 16
Звуки [ю], , ........................................... 17
Звуки , .................................................... 18
Звуки [w], ................................................... 19
Согласный звук [h].......................................... 20
Звуки , , , , , ..................... 20
English alphabet (Английский алфавит) ..................... 22
PART 2. REVISION COURSE................. 23
Lesson 1......................................................................
23
Text 1. Let me introduce myself.............................. 23
Грамматика........................................................... 26
Основные понятия в грамматике.................... 26
Части речи...................................................... 26
Члены предложения......................................... 29
Местоимения (Pronouns)................................. 30
Личные местоимения.................................. 30
Притяжательные местоимения
(Possessive pronouns)................................... 31
Указательные местоимения
(Demonstrative pronouns) ............................. 32
Вопросительные местоимения................... 34
Возвратные местоимения............................ 35
Спряжение глагола to be.................................... 37
Глагол to have.................................................... 38
Неопределенный и определенный
артикли........................................................ 39
Неопределенный артикль a (an).................. 40
Определенный артикль the.......................... 41
Географические названия и артикль.......... 42
Множественное число существительных.. 44
Транслитерация.................................................. 49
Интернационализмы........................................ 50
Притяжательный падеж
существительных....................................... 52
Lesson 2........................................................................
54
Text l. My working day .......................................... 54
Text 2. Nick"s usual working day............................. 59
Формы обращения................................................ 62
Грамматика............................................................ 69
Степени сравнения прилагательных
и наречий................................................... 69
Наиболее употребительные наречия................ 72
Порядок слов в английском
предложении............................................... 75
Основные типы вопросов, используемые
в английском языке.................................... 75
Общий вопрос (General Question) ............... 75
Специальный вопрос
(Special Question) .................................... 75
Альтернативный вопрос
(Alternative Question) ............................ 76
Разделительный вопрос
(Disjunctive (or Tail) Question) ................ 77
Lesson
3......................................................................... 79
Text 1. My University............................................ 79
Text 2. Moscow State University............................ 82
Грамматика............................................................. 83
Безличные и неопределенно-личные
предложения............................................... 83
Неопределенные местоимения some, any,
отрицательное местоимение по и их производные
Lesson 4........................................................................
87
Text 1. Sochi - My native city................................. 87
Грамматика......................................................... 92
Местоимения little и few
и местоименные выражения a little
и a few........................................................ 92
Оборот there is / there are.............................. 94
Lesson 5.................................................................... 98
Text 1. The Russian Federation .............................. 98
Text 2. Moscow - The capital of our country .....102
Грамматика.......................................................... 105
Времена английского глагола....................... 105
Группа временных форм
Indefinite (Simple) ................................ 106
Правильные и неправильные
глаголы.............................................. 108
Группа временных форм Continuous.. 109
Группа временных форм Perfect.............. Ill
и придаточном предложениях.................. 118
Lesson 6......................................................................
122
Text 1. The United Kingdom................................. 122
Text 2. The Economy of Great Britain .................. 126
Грамматика...........................................................131
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты........131
Числительные (The Numerals) ...................... 137
Как читаются даты?................................ 140
Как читаются дробные
числительные?..................................... 141
Обозначения времени.............................. 141
Mathematical Expressions .......................... 147
Lesson 7......................................................................
149
Text 1. USA ....................................................... 149
Text 2. Economy of the USA................................ 152
Грамматика............................................................ 154
Согласование времен в главном
и придаточном предложениях................... 154
Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) ........... 156
Lesson 8......................................................................
161
Text 1. Higher Education in the UK...................... 161
Грамматика........................................................... 164
Сложное дополнение (Complex object)______ 164
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот............... 167
Причастие настоящего времени
(Participle I) ............................................. 168
Причастие прошедшего времени................... 169
Причастие II (Participlell)............................... 169
Герундий (The Gerund) ................................. 171
Lesson 9.......................................................................
176
Text 1. My plans for future .................................. 176
Грамматика........................................................... 183
Словообразование......................................... 183
Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы
существительных................................ 184
Наиболее употребительные
суффиксы и префиксы глаголов... 185
Наиболее употребительные суффиксы
и префиксы прилагательных................ 185
Конверсия................................................ 186
Функции и перевод слова ONE..................... 189
Функции и перевод местоимения that.......... 190
Условные предложения................................ 192
Придаточные предложения реального условия
и времени, действие которых
отнесено к будущему............................... 193
Сослагательное наклонение.......................... 193
Сослагательное наклонение
после глагола wish................................... 194
ЧАСТЬ 3, Defining Economics.................. 197
Unit 1.......................................................................
197
Text 1. Economics as a science............................ 197
Unit 2. Adam Smith and J.M. Keynes...................... 203
Text 1. Adam Smith............................................. 203
Text 2. The Challenge of Lord John
Maynard Keynes................................... 208
Unit 3. Theories of economics ................................. 214
Text 1. Classical Liberalism.................................. 214
Text 2. Neoclassical economics............................ 218
Text 3. Criticism of Neoclassical Economics ..... 222
Unit 4. Levels of economics .................................... 227
Text 1. Macroeconomics...................................... 227
Text 2. Microeconomics....................................... 231
Unit 5. The laws of economics.................................. 237
Text A. The law of Demand................................. 237
Text B. Changes in Consumer Demand................. 241
Text С Law of Supply.......................................... 244
Unit 6. Competitive and monopolistic markets. 249
Text 1. Competitive market................................... 249
Text 2. Monopoly................................................. 254
Text 3. What is oligopoly....................................... 259
Unit 7. Philosophy of market..................................... 262
Text 1. Defining marketing................................... 262
Text 2. Channels of marketing.............................. 267
Unit 8. Management: Six steps to the success. ....... 272
Text 1. First steps in problem solving..................... 272
Text 2. Be analytical.................................. -......... 277
Text 3. Make a decision....................................... 281
Unit 9. International economy and- economic
institutions ................................................ 286
Text 1. IMF means International
Monetary Fund .............................................. 286
Text 2. IMF"s anatomy ........................................ 290
Text 3. World Bank.............................................. 293
PART IV. Applied Economics..................... 299
Lesson 1.................................................................... 299
Text 1. What is Economics?................................. 299
Text 2. Economics: The Study Of Scarcity
and Choice..................................................... 300
Text 3. What Do Economists Do?......................... 301
Text 4. Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics .. 301
Text 5. The Basic Economic Problem ................... 303
Lesson 2.................................................................. 305
Text 1. Economic Systems.................................... 305
Text 2. Economic Systems.................................... 309
Text 3. Economic Systems.................................... 315
Lesson 3. Main Economics Laws.............................. 319
Text 1. Supply, Demand and Market price ....... 319
Text 2. The Law of Demand ............................... 320
Text 3. Elasticity of Demand................................ 321
Text 4. Supply .................................................... 324
Text 5. Summary................................................. 327
Lesson 4.................................................................. 331
Text 1. Money and Its Functions........................... 331
Text 2. Money as a medium of exchange ............. 336
Lesson 5.................................................................. 338
Text 1. The Sources Of Income .......................... 338
Text 2. Where Do People Put Their Savings
In The United States?........................... 339
Text 3. Consumer Credit...................................... 341
Text 4. Obtaining And Using Credit...................... 343
Text 5. What Kinds Of Credit
are Available?....................................... 344
Text 6. How To Establish Credit .......................... 345
Lesson 6.................................................................. 348
Text 1. Inflation................................................... 348
Text 2. Inflation and Business............................... 351
Lesson 7.................................................................. 357
Text 1. Economic Stability and Business
Cycles................................................... 357
Text 2. Import - Export........................................ 362
Text 3. Marketing Management............................ 363
Text 4. Advertising ............................................. 365
Appendix A. Texts for additional reading........................ 368
The First Modern Economists............................... 368
Adam Smith and the Wealth Of Nations ............... 370
David Ricardo (1772-1823) .................................. 372
Alfred Marshall (1842-1924)................................. 373
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) ...................... 374
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) ................... 376
Irving Fisher (1867-1947)..................................... 377
Karl Marx (1818-1883)......................................... 379
Appendix B. Frequently used business
abbreviations....................................... 382
Appendix С. Таблица неправильных глаголов........... 400
Литература.....................................................................
405
Английский для экономистов – учебное пособие предназначено для студентов экономических специальностей и рассчитано на лиц, обладающих знанием нормативной грамматики английского языка и имеющих словарный запас в 2000 лексических единиц. Английский язык для экономистов состоит из 8 разделов, охватывающих широкий круг тем по экономике и бизнесу: экономика, организация, бизнес, менеджмент, маркетинг, реклама, деньги, банки, финансы, бухучет, аудит, резюме экономиста на английском языке и др. Все тексты взяты из оригинальных английских и американских источников. Разделы (равно как и тексты) могут прорабатываться в представленной последовательности или выборочно – в зависимости от целей, задач и уровня подготовки группы, изучающей английский для экономистов. Это эффективный учебник английского языка для экономистов (деловой английский для экономистов).
* * *
Приведённый ознакомительный фрагмент книги Английский для экономистов (учебник английского языка) (Д. А. Шевчук) предоставлен нашим книжным партнёром - компанией ЛитРес .
Один из способов тренировать ин. язык – обучать иностранцев русскому языку, русской литературе, философии и истории России (для чего стоит повышать их знание).
Денис ШевчукЗамечено, что многие люди не знают элементарных правил русского языка, например:
1. Количество кавычек всегда должно быть четным, как скобки в математике.
Рядом стоящие кавычки могут быть двух видов – «…» и «…» (лапки и елочки).
Правильно: «слова „слова“» или «слова „слова“»
Неправильно: «слова»» и "слова «слова»
Эти ошибки есть даже в названиях крупных фирм и некоторых статьях и книжках.
2. Если в конце предложения есть информация в скобках, точка ставится после скобок, не ставится перед скобками и внутри перед закрывающей скобкой.
Правильно: слова (слова).
Неправильно: слова. (слова.)
LEARNING HAPPENS TO BE A DIFFICULT PROCESS: NO PAIN, NO GAIN.
Менеджер – наемный управленец, начальник!
Если у вас нет ни одного подчиненного – вы не менеджер,
а максимум специалист!
Денис ШевчукYour vocabulary
– a system according to which the money, industry, and trade of a country or region are organized.
– a country’s economy is the wealth that it gets from business and industry.
– careful spending or the use of things in order to save money.
– large-size packages of goods which are cheaper than the normal sized packages on sale.
Economic
– concerned with economics and with the organization of the money, industry, and trade of a country, region, or social group.
– relating to services, businesses, etc. that produce a profit.
Economical
– something that is economical does not require a lot of money to operate.
– using the minimum amount of time, effort, language, etc. that is necessary.
Economics
– the study of the production of wealth and the consumption of goods and services in a society, and the organization of its money, industry, and trade.
Economist
– an expert or student of economics.
Economize
– save money by spending it very carefully and not buying expensive things.
Economic Institution
– a physical or mental structure that significantly influences economic decisions
Economic policy
– an action (or inaction) taken, usually by government, to influence economic events.
Economic model
– simplified representation of reality.
Positive Economics
– the study of what is, and how the economy works.
Normative Economics
– the study of how the economy should be, from society’s standpoint.
Ex. 1. To show that you understand the words given above, choose the best word to complete the following sentences. Add noun, verb or adverb endings if necessary.
1. Home … is a subject studied at school and college in which students are taught how to run a house well and efficiently.
2. New England’s … is still largely based on manufacturing.
3. All Western … are competing against each other.
4.These businesses contribute hundreds of millions of pounds to the … of the country.
5. I switched off the lights as an … measure.
6. If you make …, you take action in order to save money, by not spending it on unnecessary things.
7. You’ll have to travel … class.
8. Buy our new … packs of 100.
9. If you are really going to buy a car, we’ll have to … on other things.
10. In his works he explains the ideas of the great English … J.M. Keynes.
11. She thought of herself as an … wife.
12. This system was extremely … because it ran on half-price electricity.
13. What has gone wrong with the … system during the last ten years?
14. The book is very … written, but very warm.
15. … is the oldest of social sciences.
Ex. 2. Look at the following derivatives. Use your knowledge of English and logical reasoning to explain the meaning of each word below.
system, systematic, systematically, systematize, systemic
Use these words in the following sentences .
1. The police made a .... search of the building.
2. You need some … in your work if you want to succeed.
3. I wish they’d organize themselves more … .
4. … insecticides spread all through a plant and kill any insects that feed on it.
5. This method helps … the information received.
Ex. 3. Add appropriate words where there are blanks in the sentences below and you’ll get the definitions of the words in bold. Some words can be used in their different meanings.
imply, convey, standpoint, overall, range, scarce, free, available, utility, rate, output, environment, artifact, discretion
1. The … is the total set of outside forces surrounding and shaping the behaviour of the organization and its members.
2. To … information, ideas, feelings, etc. means to cause them to be known or understood by someone.
3. Someone or something that is … is not restricted, controlled by rules, customs, or other people.
4. An … is an object that is made by a person.
5. The … of something is the total area or extent within which it can operate effectively, and beyond which it is no longer effective.
6. If something is …, there is not very much of it, and there may be enough for those who want or need it.
7. If something is …, you can have it or use it without paying for it.
8. If you … people or things, you arrange them in a line or in lines.
9. If you … that something is the case, you suggest that it is the case without actually saying so.
10. The … at which something happens is the speed at which it happens over a period of time.
11. The … of something is how useful and practical it is.
12. … is used to describe a situation in general, including everything but not considering the details.
13. The … of taxation is the level of it.
14. If something is …, you are able to use it or obtain it.
15. A … is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas provided for everyone.
16. If you … something highly, you consider that it is important.
17. Someone who is … is not busy and is therefore free for you to talk to.
18. A … is a particular way of looking at or thinking about an event, situation, or idea.
19. Someone’s … is the amount of something that they make or produce.
20. … is the quality of behaving in a quiet and controlled way without drawing attention to yourself or giving away personal or private information.
Ex. 4. Give synonyms to the following words. Be ready to give your own examples to show the difference in their meanings.
Affect, effect, aggregate, change, demand, allocate, borrow, income, seek, require, fair, refer to, scarcity, ultimate, restrict.
Ex. 5. Give the opposite meaning to each word. Make up your own sentence with each word.
Push, appear, diverse, lend, facilitate, available, output, fair, increase, completely, complicate.
Ex. 6. Consult the dictionary and find the root words to the following:
Help, participate, contribute, allocate, mean, equitable, prevent, assemble, perform, imply, consider, scarce, benefit, value, societal, vary, certainly, compete.
Ex. 7. Make the following words negative.
Regard, responsible, desirable, respective, checked, doubt, certainty.
Ex. 8. Read the following definitions. Can you guess the word they all refer to?
1. A company or a business.
2. Something new, difficult, or important that you do or try to do.
3. A system of business, especially one in a particular country.
4. The ability to think of new and effective things to do, together with an eagerness to do them
(You can find the word in text 1, paragraph 1).
Now check your understanding. Insert the missing words. Translate the sentences into Russian .
1. He said he had doubts about the whole … .
2. This has done much to damage national … .
3. They are known to be the men of …, energy, and ambition.
4. I admire their … in trying to start up a new business.
5. This company is one of the largest … of this kind.
Ex. 9. Study the following words and word-combinations. What are their Russian equivalents?
to aim at, to arrange (for), game plan, to go ahead, a means to an end, on purpose, to set up, to tackle, to take action (on), to take steps, to take the initiative.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Our products are aimed at working mothers.
2. Let’s arrange for a meeting now. How about Friday, nine o’clock, your office?
3. OK, so we have arranged for finance and now we can go ahead with marketing.
4. The game plan for this morning’s meeting is to finish ordinary business in the first half hour, then take time out for coffee, so that, in the second half, we can zero in on the all-important question of new product development.
5. We use special offers in order to attract bigger orders – in other words, as a means to an end.
6. We have to reduce our overhead expenses. This will lead to job losses in some departments – an unpleasant fact, I’m afraid, but the end justifies the means.
7. Although everyone has to be at the meeting on time, the chairman will be a few minutes late, as usual, He does this on purpose, just to let everyone know who’s who in charge.
8. The company was set up ten years ago.
9. The government is doing all it can do to tackle the problems of housing and unemployment.
10. We need to take firm action, now, on the reduction in our market share – before matters get worse.
11. In the course of the next day or so, we shall be taking steps to put our plans into action.
12. For this job, we’re looking for someone with a go-ahead attitude, a self-starter, someone who’s prepared to take and maintain the initiative.
Ex. 10. Look at the following Latin words. They may be helpful in your work with the texts on Economics and Business.
e.g. exempli gratia for example
i.e. id est that is
etc. et cetera and so on
viz. vide licet namely
c circa about, around (time)
et al et ali and others
per se in itself
vice versa the reverse
ad hoc for this particular purpose
vs versus opposed
2.with the help of
per capita per head
ceteris paribus other things equal
ad valorem according to value
Ex. 11. What do the following words have in common and what do they differ in?
Matter, problem, dilemma, trouble, alternative, predicament, difficulty.
Ex. 12. Translate into Russian in written form.
In 1776, the Scottish professor of philosophy, Adam Smith, published The Wealth of Nations. In this book, the first systematic study of capitalism, Smith described his principle of the “invisible hand ”. This principle states that each person, pursuing his or her self-interest without interference by government, will be led, as if by an invisible hand, to achievethe best good for society.
Self-interest drives people to action, but alone it is not enough. People must understand the effects of their decision and their economic well-being. They must think rationally if they are to make the right decisions.
Because of this, economists long ago introduced the concept of economic man . This notion holds that each person is motivated by economic forces. In other words, each person will always attempt to obtain the greatest amount of satisfaction for the least amount of sacrifice or cost. This satisfaction may take the form of greater profits for a businessperson, higher wages or more leisure time for a worker, and greater pleasure from goods purchased for a consumer.
Of course, these assumptions are not entirely realistic. People may be motivated by forces other than self-interest. Nevertheless, the idea of economic man does deserve as a reasonable approximation of the prevailing pattern of economic behaviour in a capitalistic society. And in economics, as in other social sciences, reasonable approximations are often the best that can be made.
LET’S READ AND TALK
1. What is meant by the word «system»? How do you understand it?
2. What systems do you know? Give your examples.
3. To what systems do you belong?
WHAT IS SYSTEM?
Everybody is familiar with the word system and uses it in everyday language. We speak of heating systems, communication systems, economic systems, and transportation systems. We talk of cultural and social systems. The word system is used because it conveys the idea that these things are made up of parts and that the parts somehow interact with each other for some purpose or reason. A system is an organized or complex whole – an assemblage or combination of thingsor parts performing asa complex or unitary whole .
This definition implies several ideas. First is the concept ofinterdependency . If a change occurs in one part or set of parts, it affects all other parts of the system. This affect on each part may be direct or indirect.
A second implication of the definition of a system is the concept of wholism . This means that the system should be considered as a functioning whole. Changes in parts of the system and in the functioning of elements of the system should be considered from the standpoint of the system’s overall performance.
A third concept implied by the definition is synergism . This refers to the interactive effect of the parts of the system working together. The actual interaction of the parts creates an effect which is greater than the effect of the parts acting separately.
We’ve started our work with this small text about a system because we want you to bear in mind and apply the systematic approach to everything you see, hear, read or discuss, for everything in this world belongs to this or that system. While reading the texts pay attention to the economic and business terms. They’ll become the basis of your professional vocabulary .
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS
In the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and mathematics. No economics. Then came the Enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning replaced God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre-Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, “Why am I poor?” with, “Because God wills it.” Enlightenment scholars looked for a different explanation. “Because of the nature of land ownership” is one answer they found.
Such reasoned explanations required more knowledge of the way things were, and the amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy was subdivided into science and philosophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and social sciences. The amount of knowledge kept increasing, and in the late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Many of the insights about how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations , written in 1776. Notice that this is before economics as a subdiscipline developed, and Adam Smith could also be classified as an anthropologist, a sociologist, a political scientist, and a social philosopher.
Throughout the 18 th and 19 th centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Classical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics , published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall also changed the question economists ask; he focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics.
For a while economics got lost in itself, and economists learned little else. Marshall’s analysis was downplayed, and the work of more formal economists of the 1800s (such as Leon Walras, Francis Edgeworth, and Antoine Cournot) was seen as the basis of the science of economics. Economic analysis that focuses only on formal interrelationships is called Walrasian economics.…….
1. The text you’ve read gives a very brief view of the history of Economics. What other names (schools, theories) can you give to continue the story?
Read the text. Define the main idea of each paragraph.
THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM
There are many forms of economic order, ranging from the mixed private enterprise system to partially or completely controlled economies. Regardless of their form, however, economic system is the system that a society uses for allocation and distribution of scarce resources . Private enterprise means that decisions about what and how much to produce are left to the discretion of owners and managers. In controlled economies such decisions are the responsibility of some governmental agency. There is, of course, no economy today that is completely free of governmental influence, nor is this condition necessarily undesirable. There are many beneficial services and protections available from government. The question then is a matter of degree. Irrespective of the form of economic order, it performs certain valuable functions in the life of organizations of all types.
Among the functions of the economic order the most important one is to provide some means of resource allocation . In a private enterprise this function is basically performed by the price mechanism. This simply means that demand for and supply of goods and services interact to set their market price. In the case of regulated utilities, there are governmental agencies such as public service commissions that determine the rates that may be charged by utility companies. These rates are set at the level that will allow a fair return on investments made by the companies. This form of regulated monopoly is considered, on balance, preferable to unchecked competition. This is true because of efficiency reasons. In taking actions in the area of employment, government is attempting to control the economy in such a fashion as to help the business community operate at the level of production that will yield full employment.
Without a system of distribution economy simply could not exist. A major part of this distribution system is credit. Economy flourishes on credit or extended methods of payment. Such a system literally affects every link in the distribution chain from the supplier of raw materials to the ultimate consumer. Without this vital financing function being performed, the economy would doubtless be forced to a lower order of production.
Economic goals for a nation include price stability, full employment , economic growth , and equitable distribution of income . Price stability contributes to the efficient allocation of resources and facilitates long-term planning. Full employment means that jobs are available for those seeking work. Higher standards of living require increased output per person (economic growth per capita). An equitable distribution of income means that the fruits of the economy are divided in a way that seems fair to the majority of the people. With the long-run trend toward a more sophisticated, highly integrated economic system, it is becoming increasingly important for an individual decision maker to be aware of the macroeconomic environment.
1. What is a system?
2. What are three main concepts of a system? What do they imply?
3. What is an economic system?
4. What functions does economic order perform?
5. What do economic goals for a nation usually include?
Read the text. Make up the plan and retell the text using your plan.
PROLOGUE TO ECONOMICS
There is almost universal agreement that economies are becoming more complex every year and that an understanding of how an economy works is more important than ever before. For someone who is just beginning to study economics, the task indeed appears to be a difficult one. Economics is the study of the way in which mankind organizes itself to solve the basic problem of scarcity. All societies have more wants than resources, so that a system must be devised to allocate these resources between competing ends. In a very real sense, the complexity of the economy makes it difficult to decide exactly where to start. Simultaneously, production is taking place, goods and services are being allocated, and a great number of market participants are being motivated by a diverse set of goals. In addition, there is the complex financial system in which individuals, firms, and governments borrow and lend funds.
Economics is divided into two major branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics is the study of behavior of the economy as a whole with emphasis on the factors that determine growth and fluctuations in output, employment, and the level of prices . Macroeconomics studies broad economic events that are largely beyond the control of individual decision makers and yet affect nearly all firms, households, and other institutions in the economy. Specialists in macroeconomics are particularly interested in understanding those factors that determine inflation , unemployment , and growth in the production of goods and services. Such an understanding is necessary in order to develop policies that encourage production and employment while controlling inflation.
The other major branch of economics is microeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of behavior of individual units within the economy. The division of economics has resulted from the growing complexity and sophistication of economic research.
These two approaches and the topics they include are in fact interdependent. Individuals and firms make their decisions in the context of the economic environment, which has an impact on the constraints the decision makers face as well as their expectations about the future. At the same time, when taken as a whole, their decisions determine the condition of the overall economy. A good understanding of economic events and an ability to forecast them require knowledge of both individual decision making and the way in which individuals react to changes in the economic environment.
1.Economies are becoming more complex every year. Why?
2.What is the main division of economics?
3.What is macroeconomics «responsible for»?
4.What does microeconomics deal with?
1.In what context can we use the word environment?
2.What elements of the environment can you mention?
3.Which ones are of the most importance?
Read the text. Be ready to define the key-sentence(s) of each paragraph. Explain your choice.
MACRO ENVIRONMENT
Macro environment is the network of systems composed of culture, political and economic forces, technology, skill mixes, and consumer groups; a source of opportunities and constraints for the organization. Once the organization has built its product or defined its service, it must distribute it to consumer client groups who have wants and needs that they attempt to satisfy through the consumption of such products and services.
Every organization exists within an extensive and complex environmental network. Organizational environment refers to all groups, norms, and conditions with which an organization must deal. It includes such things as the political, cultural, economic, religious, educational, and like systems that affect an organization and which in turn affected by it. Table 1 provides a summary of environmental subcomponents.
Culture , composed of values, norms, artifacts, and accepted behavior patterns, affects the way the organization is formed and how it operates once in existence. Indeed, one must recognize that all of the decisions made in an organization are culture bound; i.e., they are a reflection of all these components of culture. Societal norms are those standards that mold behavior, attitudes, and values of those members who constitute a society. They come from laws, customs, religious teachings, and common practice. They are standards because members take them into account in their decisions and behavior. Dress, speech, what is considered to be in good taste, and the general understanding of what is right and wrong are all affected by societal norms. At the same time, almost every institution in a society is capable of transfusing some of its values, norms, and behavior patterns into its environment. Organizations can hardly afford to ignore such a vital ingredient in its macro environment.
Political forces are classified as the form and role of government in a society. The source of law and other regulations that restrict or at least affect the organization, the political system also is the source of a rich variety of services for the organization. These services range from fire and police protection to the provision of recreational areas. When one thinks of the governmental sector, one might be likely to think of its negative connotation and red tape. Although there is an element of restriction originating from the political sector, it is by no means dominant. Even though the presence of the political system has served to complicate management’s job, it has also made it easier at the same time. By knowing that all similar organizations must observe the same rules and regulations, managers can experience an element of certainty in their activity. They know that they have a source of protection and redress when violations do occur.
The political system is coupled with the economic system . The type of economy a society has can range from private enterprise to planned economy. Whatever its form, the economic system is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources and the provision of some form of distribution. It is, in practice, quite difficult to separate the political and economic systems from each other.
The macro environment is also the source oftechnology – the machines, techniques, and methods required for production and distribution. To be able to compete successfully, organizations must have access to modern technology. It is simply not feasible for an organization to compete unless an adequate level of technology is available to it. It can be safely stated that organization success is measured by the ability of the organization to adjust to and to employ technological innovations. Among their responsibilities, managers today must count the obligation to maintain a spirit of creativity and ingenuity among members so that continued progress on the technological front can be made. The ever-growing shortages of resources of all types are but one indication of the seriousness of this obligation.
Skill mix in the labor force is likewise an important facet of an organization’s macro environment. All organizations depend to some extent on a supply of labor that possesses the skill and ability to perform the work necessary to attain objectives. Consequently, labor market conditions and skill mixes are crucial to success.
The consumers are the ultimate arbiters of the organization’s success, for it is they who make the critical choices to consume or not to consume an organization’s output. Without the income (in whatever form) that results from this consumption, the organization is doomed to a relatively short life. This means that managers must be more aware of and sensitive to the total environmental complex of their organization in order to develop and implement plans for successfully coping with it. Otherwise, there is little chance for success, for по longer willyesterday’s methods based on a placid environment serve in today’s turbulent outside world.
1.What is macro environment?
2.Why is macro environment a source of constraints and opportunities for an organization?
3.What is «the most influential element» of the environment?
4.What element can people influence?
Read the following text. Define its main topic. Divide the text into logical parts. Give the title to the text and to each part. Explain the meanings of the words and phrases which have been highlighted.
The study of economics would be incomplete without an understanding of the nation’s role in the world economy. The study of the world economy is known as “international economics”. International economics embraces two broad areas of interest: international trade and international finance . World trade has been gaining increasing significance among nations. Why do nations trade? The answer is that nations have different quantities and qualities of economic resources and different ways of combining them. As a result, each country can produce certain goods more efficiently, or at relatively lower costs, than others. This idea can be stated somewhat differently. Imagine a world consisting of only two countries, each producing the same goods. Under such circumstances, the alternative or opportunity cost to each country of producing more of one good is the amount of the second good that must be sacrificed. In view of this, which of the two goods should the countries produce? The answer is that each should specialize. When two parties engage, the sacrifice that each makes to obtain something from the other is called the “terms of trade”. For example, in order to buy a book, you might have had to give up five visits to the movies. Your terms of trade, therefore, are 5 movies = 1 book. The terms of trade for a given transaction equal the number of units of goods that must be given up for one unit of goods received by each party to the transaction. Or in other words, terms of trade are defined as the ratio of the prices of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity. Despite the fact that trade is of great importance for each nation, all countries impose restrictions of one form or another to protect some of their domestic industries. The restrictions may be of several types: tariffs , import quotas , nontariff barriers . Tariffs are customs duties or taxes imposed by a government on the importation of a good. Tariffs may be (1) specific, in the form of a tax per unit of the commodity, or (2) ad valorem , based on the value of the commodity. Import quotas are laws that limit the number of units of a commodity that may be imported during a specified period. Nontariff barriers are any laws or regulations, other than tariffs, that nations impose in order to restrict imports. For instance, to “protect the health and safety” of their citizens, many countries establish higher standards of quality for various kinds of imported goods than for similar goods produced domestically.
Ex. 13. Insert the missing words given below.
Consumption, take account of, manager, state, environment, include, capital, macroeconomics, economy
In a simplistic … in which individuals or families produce primarily for their own …, economy-wide phenomena are of little importance. On the other hand, the complex financial … and production process that characterizes an advanced economy in the 1980s requires individual decision makers … both the current economic environment and forecasts of the economic environment. Decisions that require an understanding of the overall functioning of the economy … business decisions such as whether firm should sell bonds or stock to raise new … and individual decisions such as whether to change jobs or purchase a new home. Whether a person «wears the hat» of an entrepreneur, a business …, or a head of a household, it is important to be aware of the … of the economy as a whole. Specific factors that determine the advisability of these and other decisions are studied as part of … .
Ex. 14. Add an appropriate preposition to each of the following sentences where indicated.
1. This refers … the interactive effect of the parts of the system working together.
2. They decorated the house regardless … cost.
3. Economic forms range … the mixed private enterprise … completely controlled economies.
4. Everyone, irrespective …means or occupation, shall have an equal opportunity.
5. This function is basically performed … the price mechanism.
6. This simply means that demand … and supply … goods and services interact.
7. Gradual change is preferable …sudden, large-scale change.
8. Such a system affects … every link in the distribution chain.
9. They have to satisfy their wants and needs … the consumption of such products and services.
10. It has also made it easier …the same time.
11. The political system is coupled … the economic system.
12. Organization must have access .. modern technology.
13. All organizations depend … supply of labour force.
14. The economic system is concerned … the allocation of scarce resources.
15. We must try to cope … our problems.
16. The entrance door gives access … the living room.
Ex. 15. Open the brackets.
The Price System
Who (to tell) workers where (to work) or what occupation to choose? Who (to declare) haw many cars should (to produce) and how many homes should (to built)? Who (to specify) the predominant style of women’s dresses or men’s suits?
The greater the degree of competition the more these matters (to decide) impersonally and automatically by the price system or the market system. This may (to view) as a system of rewards and penalties. Rewards (to include) profits for firms and people who (to succeed). Penalties (to include) losses, or probably bankruptcy, for those who (to fail). The price system (to be) fundamental to the traditional concept of market economy.
The price system basically (to operate) on the principle that everything that (to exchange) – every good, every service, and every resource – (to have) its price. In a free market with many buyers and sellers, the prices of these things (to reflect) the quantities that sellers (to make) available and the quantities that buyers (to wish) (to purchase).
Thus, if buyers (to want) (to purchase) more of a certain good than suppliers (to have) available, its price (to rise). This (to encourage) suppliers (to produce) and (to sell) more of it. On the other hand, if buyers (to want) (to purchase) less of a certain good than suppliers (to prepare) (to sell), its price (to fall). This (to encourage) buyers (to purchase) more of it.
This interaction between sellers and buyers in a competitive market, and the resulting changes in prices, (to be) what most people (to refer) to by the familiar phrase “supply and demand”.
1.Read the text once again and answer the following question: “What role does the price system play in the market economy?”
Ex. 16. Study the following words and word combinations. They are used when you are to describe different trends of economic development. Consult a good dictionary and put down all their derivatives. Make your own sentences using these words. You can do it in the form of a question to your partner.
increase, raise, put up, step up, extend, expand, rise, grow, soar, boom;
decrease, drop, put down, cut, reduce, fall, go down, decline, collapse, slump; remain stable, hold, maintain, stay constant.
to reach a peak of
considerable(ly)
Ex. 17. A picture is worth 1000 words. Economists, being efficient, like to present ideas in graphs, which are a type of picture. But graph is worth 1000 words only if a person looking at it knows the graphical language (graphish). Study the following information to be able to read any graph. Find the Russian equivalents for the highlighted words.
Graphs are used in two ways: 1. to present an economic model or theory which focus on hypothetical relationships; 2. to present real-world data visually. Actually, these two ways of using graphs are related. They are both ways of presenting visually the relationship between two things.
Graphs are built around a number line, or axis (axes, pl). Axes are called vertical and horizontal. We can plot the information on two axes. When we connect two points we have a line. Even if the line is straight, economists call any such line drawn on a graph a curve . A curve can bea linear curve, a downward-sloping curve, an upward-sloping curve, a nonlinear curve.
Economists use the following graphs in presenting actual economic data:
Line graph Bar graph
Flow chart Pie chart
Ex. 18. Give the English equivalents to the following.
Приобретает все возрастающее значение; альтернативные издержки; при таких условиях; который должен быть принесен в жертву; постарается быть самодостаточным; тарифы; квоты на импорт; условия торговли; нетарифные барьеры; навязывать ограничения; защитить отечественную промышленность; таможенные пошлины; налог на единицу товара; в определенный период; установить более высокий стандарт качества на товары.
Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Это следует рассматривать с точки зрения действия всей системы. 2.Одна из ее функций – эффективное размещение ресурсов. 3.Рыночная цена – результат взаимодействия спроса и предложения на товары и услуги. 4.Экономика не может существовать без системы распределения. 5.Все решения – это отражение всех компонентов культуры. 6.Когда мы говорим о государственном секторе, мы подразумеваем бюрократический аппарат. 7. Если происходит нарушение закона, они знают, что у них есть защита. 8.Чтобы успешно конкурировать, организация должна иметь доступ к современным технологиям. 9.Все организации зависят от предложения рабочей силы. 10.Руководитель должно четко реагировать на все изменения в деловой среде. 11.В конечном итоге, успех организации определяют потребители.
Ex. 20. Let’s review the core concepts of economics. Translate the following into Russian.
1. Economics is the study of how people, individually and collectively, allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants.
2. Scarcity occurs because human wants exceed the production possible with our limited time and resources.
3. A good is any item or service that satisfies a human want and, in so doing, adds to human happiness.
4. Production entails using technology to apply energy to materials in ways that make the materials more valuable, or that otherwise help satisfy human wants.
5. Labour resources are the physical and mental talents that people can make available for production.
6. Opportunitycost is the value of the best alternative surrendered when a choice is made.
7. Absolute prices are prices in terms of some monetary unit.
8. Relative prices are the prices of goods or resources in terms of each other, and are computed by dividing their absolute prices by one another.
9. Economic efficiency is achieved when we produce the combination of outputs with the highest attainable total value, given our limited resources.
10. Inputs are resources used in the production process, such as labour and raw or semifinished materials.
11. Outputs are transformed materials; the results of production.
12. Demand is the quantity of a specific good that people are willing and able to
buy during a specific period, given the choices available.
13. Supply refers to the quantity of a specific good that sellers will provide under alternative conditions during a given period.
14. Market equilibrium occurs at the price-quantity combination where the quantities demanded and supplied are equal.
15. Asurplus is the excess of the quantity supplied over quantity demanded when the price is above equilibrium.
16. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country during some period, usually one year.
17. Gross National Product (GNP) is the value of all output produced by resources owned by the citizens of a country.
18. Economic growth is a positive quantitative change in an economic system; occurs when a society acquires greater productive capacity that can be used for consumption or investment.
19. Capital is all physical improvements made to natural resources that facilitate production, including buildings and all machinery and equipment.
20. Wealth is the value of the assets owned by an individual or a group of individuals.
SPEAK AND WRITE
1.Why is it important to view organizations open systems interacting with their environment?
2. Do you know any closed systems? Give some examples.
3. Give your own examples of the environmental influence on a business / on an individual.
4. Prepare a short report on the biography of a famous economist.
5.What would happen to standards of living in your country if all foreign trade were prohibited? How significant do you think this would be? In what areas would this impact be the strongest?
6.Does everything have a price? Are there some things you would not do regardless of price? Remember: prices and money are not synonyms; prices may be nonmonetary.
7. Summarize the information of the Unit to be ready to speak on Economics. The first step to be done is to write the plan of your future report.
8. Choose any question (problem, topic) relating to Economics and prepare a 5-7 minute report. Refer to different additional sources to make your report instructive, interesting and informative.
Учебник содержит подробный курс, охватывающий основные темы, необходимые в бизнес-английском. Книга помогает выработать и усовершенствовать навыки по различным видам работы с профессиональной информацией на английском языке. Оригинальная система упражнений к аутентичным текстам предусматривает как аудиторную, так и внеаудиторную работу с материалами учебника, способствует развитию творческого и аналитического мышления и формированию собственной позиции в сфере делового общения. К учебнику прилагается диск с аудиоматериалами, которые помогут научиться воспринимать на слух лекции и информационные сообщения, а также следить за аргументацией оппонента.
Произведение было опубликовано в 2018 году издательством Юрайт. Книга входит в серию "Профессиональное образование". На нашем сайте можно скачать книгу "Английский язык для экономистов. English for business + аудиоматериалы в ЭБС 2-е изд., пер. и доп. Учебник и практикум для СПО" в формате fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt или читать онлайн. Здесь так же можно перед прочтением обратиться к отзывам читателей, уже знакомых с книгой, и узнать их мнение. В интернет-магазине нашего партнера вы можете купить и прочитать книгу в бумажном варианте.
СПб.: 2005 - 3 04 с.
Учебник рассчитан на студентов экономических вузов,
прошедших базовый курс английского языка. Благодаря знаниям и навыкам,
приобретенным с помощью этого учебника, студенты смогут легко ориентироваться в
значительных потоках экономической информации. Особое внимание авторы уделяют
практике ведения дискуссии, овладению навыками написания и представления
докладов по различным экономическим темам. Учебник подготовлен при содействии
Национального фонда подготовки кадров в рамках программы «Совершенствование
системы экономического образования в РУДЫ» Инновационного проекта развития
образования. Допущен Министерством образования и науки Российской Федерации для
студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по экономическим специальностям.
Формат: pdf
Размер: 10 Мб
Смотреть, скачать: drive.google
Contents
Предисловие 10
Unit 1. Labour Relations 12
A. Preliminary discussion 12
B. Pre-reading exercises 12
С Reading 12
Collective Bargaining 12
D. Vocabulary 15
E. Make a summary of the text 18
F. Grammar notes 18
The Infinitive 18
Owners Can"t Ignore Union 20
G. Speak up 22
H. Reading the English newspaper 22
United Talks Break off 22
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 24
Новый смелый российский пролетариат 24
J. Translation 27
Рынок труда и профсоюзы 27
К. Case study 28
More Vulnerable 28
Unit 2. Production and Costs 30
A. Preliminary discussion 30
B. Pre-reading exercises 30
C. Reading 30
Production and Costs 30
D. Vocabulary 34
E. Make a summary of the text 36
F. Grammar notes 36
"One" and Tt" 36
G. Speak up 38
H. Reading the English newspaper 38
The Benefits of Being Small: Balancing Economies of Scale Against
the Advantages of Intimacy Is a Delicate Task 38
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 41
Инвестиции в качество 41
J. Translation 44
Сущность и структура издержек производства 44
К. Speech practice 45
This Manufacturer Isn"t Moving to China 45
Unit 3. Urgent Problems of Marketing 48
A. Preliminary discussion 48
B. Pre-reading exercises 48
C. Reading 48
Evolution of Modern Marketing 48
D. Vocabulary 51
E. Make a summary of the text 54
F. Grammar notes 54
The Passive 54
G. Speak up 57
H. Reading the English newspaper 57
Rebranding HealthSouth? 57
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 61
Покупатель всегда прав 61
J. Translation 63
Внутренний брендинг 63
К. Case study 64
Case 1. Examples of Rebranding 64
Case 2. Coca-Cola to Rebrand "Diet" Fizzy Drinks 64
Unit 4. Economic Development and Cultural Diversities 65
A. Preliminary discussion 65
B. Pre-reading exercises 65
C. Reading 65
Culture in Economic Performance 66
D. Vocabulary 69
E. Comprehension 70
F. Grammar notes 70
Modal Verbs: Can (Could), May (Might), Must (Have to), Be to,
Should 70
Understanding Culture 73
Compound Nouns 75
G. Discussion 76
H. Make a summary of the text 76
I. Reading the English newspaper 76
You Are Talking to Me 77
J. Reading the Russian article 79
Западный подход в восточных странах: при ведении переговоров в балтийских
государствах необходимо быть терпеливым
и скромным 80
К. Speak up 81
The Other Customs Barrier. Cultural Research Avoids Business
Blunder 82
Unit 5. Business Ethics 84
A. Preliminary discussion 84
B. Pre-reading exercises 84
С Reading 84
Business Ethics 85
D. Vocabulary 88
E. Speak up 89
F. Grammar notes 89
Ellipsis 89
What Happened to Japanese Business Ethics? 90
G. Reading the English newspaper 91
Big Oil"s Dirty Secrets 92
H. Reading the Russian article 95
Деловая этика американских миллионеров 95
I. Case study 98
A Nation of Cheaters 98
J. Speak up 100
Unit 6. Accounting 102
A. Preliminary discussion 102
B. Pre-reading exercises 102
С Reading , 102
True and Fair Is not Hard and Fast 103
D. Vocabulary 106
E. Make a summary of the text 109
F. Grammar notes 109
The Participle 109
Try Revolution, not Evolution Ill
G. Speak up 112
H. Reading the English newspaper 112
Spring Fever 112
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 115
«Самостоятельный налоговый учет будет не нужен» 115
J. Translation 117
Инструменты для анализа финансового состояния предприятия 117
К. Case study 118
Unit 7. Banking 119
A. Preliminary discussion 119
B. Pre-reading exercises 119
С Reading 119
Recent Developments in Money and Banking 120
D. Vocabulary 122
E. Make a summary of the text 125
F. Grammar notes 125
Participles as Conjunctions and Prepositions 125
The "-ing" Form 125
Deutsche Bank Sees Signs of an Upturn 128
G. Speak up 129
H. Reading the English newspaper 129
Bad Debts and More Bad News 129
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 132
MasterCard заплатит розничным компаниям. 132
J. Translation 134
Выдача ссуды 134
К. Case study 135
What about Us? 135
Unit 8. Financial Markets and Investments 137
A. Preliminary discussion ., 137
B. Pre-reading exercises 137
C.Reading. 137
America"s Financial Markets 138
D. Vocabulary 140
E. Make a summary of the text 142
F. Grammar notes 142
Sentences of Real and Unreal Condition 142
G. Speak up 144
H. Reading the English newspaper 145
In Search of Those Elusive Returns 145
I. Translation 149
J. Reading the Russian newspaper 150
Акции - не для всех 150
К. Case study 152
Guilford Shares Gain 24 Percent 152
Unit 9. The Role of Government 154
A. Preliminary discussion 154
B. Pre-reading exercises 154
C.Reading 154
What Role Should the State Play in the Economy? 155
D. Vocabulary 157
E. Make a summary of the text 159
F. Grammar notes 159
Mixed Conditionals 159
G. Reading the English newspaper 161
Carving Up the Scraps of Power 161
H. Reading the Russian newspaper 163
Роль правительств. Великие расточители 163
I. Speak up 165
J. Case study 167
How Government Can Affect Market 167
Unit 10. Monetary and Fiscal Policy 170
A. Preliminary discussion 170
B. Pre-reading exercises 170
C. Reading 170
Effectiveness of Monetary Policy 171
D. Vocabulary 174
E. Make a summary of the text 177
F. Grammar notes 177
The Gerund 177
Bank of Japan Eases Monetary Policy 179
G. Speak up 180
H. Reading the English newspaper 180
Restoring the Fiscal Option 180
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 183
Что России хорошо, то МВФ плохо 183
J. Translation , 185
Эффективность кредитно-денежной политики 185
К. Case study 186
Fears Grow That US Economy Faces Deflation 186
Unit 11. Globalization 188
A. Preliminary discussion 188
B. Pre-reading exercises 188
С Reading 188
There Is an Alternative to Globalization: It"s Localization - a Global
Manifesto 189
D. Vocabulary 192
E. Make a summary of the text 194
F. Grammar notes 194
Inversion 194
G. Speak up 197
H. Reading the English newspaper 197
War and Terrorism Put Globalization at Risk 197
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 200
«Глобализация» национальных хозяйств и современный
экономический кризис 200
J. Translation 202
К. Case study 203
Unit 12. Economics and Ecology 205
A. Preliminary discussion 205
B. Pre-reading exercises 205
С Reading 205
Global Problems Need Global Solutions 205
D. Vocabulary 209
E. Make a summary of the text 211
F. Grammar notes 211
Causative 211
G. Speak up 213
H. Reading the English newspaper 214
Atmospheric Pressure 214
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 217
Научная картина мира, экономика и экология 217
J. Translation 219
Как выживает канадский север 219
К. Case study 220
The Importance of Error in Ecology 220
Unit 13. Russia in the World Economy 222
A. Preliminary discussion 222
B. Pre-reading exercises 222
C.Reading 222
Russia in the World Economy: What Role and What Strategies? 223
D. Vocabulary 226
E. Make a summary of the text 228
F. Grammar notes 228
Reported Speech 228
G. Speak up 231
H. Reading the English newspaper 233
Russia & the WTO: Crunch Time 233
I. Reading the Russian newspaper 237
Европа нам - второе Отечество 237
J. Case study 240
Dark Skies to the East 240
Unit 14. International Trade 242
A. Preliminary discussion 242
B. Pre-reading exercises 242
С Reading 242
International Specialization 243
D. Vocabulary 246
E. Make a summary of the text 249
F. Grammar revision 249
China Drops Trade Barriers 249
Международная торговля как фактор глобализации 251
G. Reading the English newspaper 254
EU Scores in Trade War with US 254
H. Reading the Russian article 257
Россия втягивается в торговую войну с Европой 257
I. Speak up 260
US Launches GM-trade War 260
Appendix A. Tests 263
Unit 1. Labour Relations ., 263
Hershey Workers Walk off Job 263
Unit 2. Production and Costs 265
Boeing Wins $ 4.5 В Sale 265
Unit 3. Urgent Problems of Marketing 267
GM Leads Strong April Sales 267
Unit 4. Economic Development and Cultural Diversities 269
Diversity, Human Rights and Peace (Culture Watch) 269
Unit 5. Business Ethics 272
Choosing Business Gifts 272
Unit 6. Accounting 274
Kmart May Restate Results 274
Unit 7. Banking. 276
Bank One Tops 1Q Target 276
Unit 8. Financial Markets and Investments 278
Steel"s Red-Hot Resurgence 278
Unit 9. The Role of Government 281
Airline Relief Debated 281
Unit 10. Monetary and Fiscal Policy 283
A Patchwork Recovery 283
Unit 11. Globalisation 285
G7 Sees Global Recovery 286
Unit 12. Economics and Ecology 288
Turning Trash into Cash 288
Unit 13. Russia in the World Economy 290
Russian Guru Upbeat on Economy 290
Unit 14. International Trade 292
Bush Imposes Canadian Lumber Tariffs 292
Appendix B. List of websites 295
Appendix С 297
References 297
Dictionaries 300
Учебник «Английский язык для экономистов» рассчитан на студентов экономических
вузов, прошедших на более ранних этапах обучения базовый курс английского языка,
английский язык для делового общения, английский язык для профессиональных
целей, освоивших английский язык на уровне Intermediate - Upper-Intermediate.
Учебник «Английский язык для экономистов» нацелен на повышение языковой
компетенции студентов-экономистов, что позволит им находиться в курсе
теоретических разработок ведущих зарубежных специалистов.
По прохождении данного учебника студенты смогут решать проблемы, характерные для
российской экономики, ориентироваться в значительных потоках экономической
информации.
Учебник «Английский язык для экономистов» - продолжение курса английского языка
для профессиональных целей. Тематика курса максимально приближена к тематике
изучения специальности на русском языке. Специальный акцент делается на
современные тенденции развития экономического языка как одной из наиболее
динамично развивающихся сфер, что призвано способствовать формированию у
студентов навыков использования современных лексико-грамматических конструкций и
терминологии. С точки зрения эффективности обучения, учебник знакомит студентов
с принципами самостоятельного поиска языкового материала, необходимого для
решения поставленных перед ними экономических задач на английском языке.
